Deviation from ideal mental health

Jahoda (1958) proposed an alternative approach to defining abnormality by suggesting that it should be based on the absence of particular (ideal) characteristics. This means that behaviours that deviate from ideal mental health should be considered abnormal. This approach is similar to how physical health is evaluated by the medical profession, such as having normal blood pressure or body temperature. Jahoda put forward six principles of ideal mental health, which include having a positive self-image, being capable of personal growth and self-actualisation, being self-regulating and independent, having an accurate perception of reality, being able to cope with stress, and having the ability to manage one's environment (including work, friendships, and leisure time).

Accordingly, if an individual fails to demonstrate these criteria, they would be classified as abnormal under this definition. For example, a person suffering from depression may have a negative self-image and fail to meet the ideal of a positive self-image; therefore, be classified as abnormal according to this approach.

EVALUATING DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH

UNREALISTIC CRITERIA: A limitation of the deviation from ideal mental health definition is that Jahoda's proposed criteria are unrealistic. There are instances where everyone experiences stress and negativity, such as when grieving the loss of a loved one. Nonetheless, under this definition, such individuals would be considered abnormal, regardless of the situation that is beyond their control. Additionally, the high standards set by these criteria raise questions about the number of absent criteria necessary for diagnosis.

POSITIVE AND HOLISTIC VIEW OF ABNORMALITY: A significant advantage of Jahoda's definition is that it adopts a holistic and positive approach. Firstly, the definition emphasises positive and desirable behaviours rather than solely considering negative and unwanted behaviours. Secondly, it considers various factors that can impact a person's health and well-being, providing a comprehensive evaluation of the individual. Consequently, the deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality is a robust approach, encompassing a wide range of criteria.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM: Jahoda's definition of abnormality faces an issue of cultural relativism. Some of the criteria for ideal mental health may be considered Western-centric. For instance, Jahoda's emphasis on personal growth and development may seem excessively self-focused in other cultures where communal values hold greater significance than individualism. Similarly, self-reliance is not encouraged in collectivist cultures, rendering the definition culturally bound.