Behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of depression

BEHAVIOURAL

Depression is associated with several behavioural characteristics, such as a loss of energy, sleep disturbance, and changes in appetite. People with depression typically experience a reduction in energy and feel constantly tired, which affects their daily activities. Moreover, they often have trouble sleeping, either by sleeping too much (hypersomnia) or experiencing insomnia, which can further impact their energy levels. Changes in appetite can also occur, leading to significant weight changes, such as losing or gaining weight. For instance, some people with depression may lose their appetite, causing weight loss, while others may eat more than usual and gain weight.

EMOTIONAL

A major emotional characteristic of depression is a persistently low mood, feelings of sadness, and hopelessness. People with depression often experience an inability to enjoy things that they previously found pleasurable, as well as a lack of interest in everyday activities. They may also experience feelings of worthlessness, guilt, and despair. Although a depressed mood is the most common emotional characteristic of depression, some people with depression may experience anger, which can be directed at themselves or others. This anger may result in self-harming behaviour.

COGNITIVE

Depression is associated with a range of cognitive characteristics, including difficulties with concentration and a tendency to focus on negative thoughts. Sufferers may find it challenging to pay attention or make decisions, and their responses may be slower than usual. They may also focus on the negative aspects of a situation rather than the positives. In some cases, individuals with depression experience recurrent thoughts of self-harm, death or suicide.